我们通常所用的塑料并不是一种纯物质，它是由许多材料配制而成的。其中高分子聚合物（或称合成树脂）是塑料的主要成分，此外，为了改进塑料的性能，还要在聚合物中添加各种辅助材料，如填料、增塑剂、润滑剂、稳定剂、着色剂等，才能成为性能良好的塑料。

The plastic we usually use is not a pure substance. It is made up of many materials. The polymer (or resin) is the main component of plastic, in addition, in order to improve the performance of plastics, but also add various auxiliary materials in the polymer, such as filler, plasticizer, stabilizer, lubricant, coloring agent, can become the good performance of plastic.

1、合成树脂

1. Synthetic resin

合成树脂是塑料的最主要成分，其在塑料中的含量一般在40%～100%。由于含量大，而且树脂的性质常常决定了塑料的性质，所以人们常把树脂看成是塑料的同义词。例如把聚氯乙烯树脂与聚氯乙烯塑料、酚醛树脂与酚醛塑料混为一谈。其实树脂与塑料是两个不同的概念。树脂是一种未加工的原始聚合物，它不仅用于制造塑料，而且还是涂料、胶粘剂以及合成纤维的原料。而塑料除了极少一部分含100%的树脂外，绝大多数的塑料，除了主要组分树脂外，还需要加入其他物质。

Synthetic resin is the most important component of plastics, and its content in plastics is generally between 40% and 100%. Because of the large amount and the nature of the resin, which often determines the nature of plastics, people often think of resin as a synonym for plastics. For example, PVC resin is mixed with PVC plastic, phenolic resin and phenolic plastics. In fact, resin and plastics are two different concepts. Resin is an unprocessed primitive polymer that is used not only in plastics but also as raw material for paints, adhesives and synthetic fibers. In addition to a very small number of plastic containing 100% of the resin, the vast majority of plastic, in addition to the main component resin, but also need to add other substances.

2、填料

2, packing

填料又叫填充剂，它可以提高塑料的强度和耐热性能，并降低成本。例如酚醛树脂中加入木粉后可大大降低成本，使酚醛塑料成为最廉价的塑料之一，同时还能显著提高机械强度。填料可分为有机填料和无机填料两类，前者如木粉、碎布、纸张和各种织物纤维等，后者如玻璃纤维、硅藻土、石棉、炭黑等。

Fillers, also called fillers, can improve the strength and heat resistance of plastics and reduce costs. For example, adding wood powder to phenolic resin can greatly reduce the cost, and make phenolic plastic one of the cheapest plastics, and can also significantly improve the mechanical strength. Packing can be divided into two kinds of organic fillers and inorganic filler, the former such as wood powder, rags, paper and all kinds of fabric, the latter such as glass fiber, diatomite, asbestos, carbon black.

3、增塑剂

3. Plasticizer

增塑剂可增加塑料的可塑性和柔软性，降低脆性，使塑料易于加工成型。增塑剂一般是能与树脂混溶，无毒、无臭，对光、热稳定的高沸点有机化合物，最常用的是邻苯二甲酸酯类。例如生产聚氯乙烯塑料时，若加入较多的增塑剂便可得到软质聚氯乙烯塑料，若不加或少加增塑剂（用量<10%），则得硬质聚氯乙烯塑料。

Plasticizers can increase plasticity and softness of plastics, reduce brittleness, and make plastics easy to process and shape. Plasticizers are generally miscible with resins, nontoxic, odorless, and highly volatile organic compounds that are stable in light and heat. The most commonly used are phthalate two formic acid esters. For example, the production of PVC plastic, if you add more plasticizers, you can get soft PVC plastic, if not added or less plasticizer (dosage <10%), then hard PVC plastic.

4、稳定剂

4, stabilizer

为了防止合成树脂在加工和使用过程中受光和热的作用分解和破坏，延长使用寿命，要在塑料中加入稳定剂。常用的有硬脂酸盐、环氧树脂等。

In order to prevent the synthetic resin from being decomposed and destroyed by the action of light and heat during processing and use, and prolonging the service life, a stabilizer is added to the plastic. Commonly used stearate, epoxy resin and so on.